Introduction

There are three basic kinds of searching in the database. 1) Full-text searching, which allows one to search for words and/or combinations of words in one or more texts of the database; 2) Biographic searching, which allows one to find information on authors; 3) Bibliographic searching, which allows one to retrieve citations or actual texts to read online. In addition, one can browse the contents of the database, by clicking on the Browse pull-downs or by clicking on the Search buttons of the various search-forms.

Full-Text Searching Using PhiloLogic

The term(s) to be searched in selected documents are entered into the Search in Texts for: box on the Basic or Advanced search-form. Word searches in PhiloLogic are by default case insensitive, so that a search finds both lower and upper case representations of words. The user must, however, take into account diacritics when searching databases that have accented characters. PhiloLogic's wildcard characters may also be employed to match many forms. The simplest search in PhiloLogic is a single term search without wildcards. If searching for a term such as "marito" in the database, simply type the word marito into the Search in Texts for: box and press the SEARCH button.

Wildcard Characters
Wildcard characters allow the user to enter a single search entry that may find many forms. This is in contrast to a simple word search which requires an exact match in order to find a word. Wildcard characters can be useful, for example, in identifying cognates made obscure by affixes and vowel weakening, inconsistencies due to irregular orthography, and variations on account of word inflection as well as for discovering potential emendations for uncertain readings. The most commonly used wildcards are listed below.

. (period):

matches any single character (e.g., gentlem.n will retrieve gentleman and gentlemen).

* (asterisk):

matches any string of characters, anchoring the match at the beginning of a word (e.g., cigar* will match cigar, cigars, cigarette, etc.), anchoring the match at the end of a word (e.g., *habit will retrieve habit, cohabit, and inhabit), or in the middle (e.g., c*eers matches compeers, cheers, and careers).

.? (period question mark):

matches the characters entered or the characters entered plus one more character in place of the question mark (e.g., hono.?r matches both honor and honour and cat.? matches cat and cats, but not cathedral, Catherine, etc.).

[a-z] (square brackets):

matches a single character found in the specified range (e.g., [c-f]at will match cat, dat, eat, and fat) or any letters within the brackets (e.g., civili[zs]e will match both civilize and civilise).

# (hash mark):

matches capitalized words only (e.g., #bacon will retrieve Bacon, but not bacon). Otherwise word searches are case insensitive. Please note that this operator does not work properly in conjunction with the vertical bar (e.g., searching #hamlet|#bacon will not retrieve accurate results).

Accents and Special Characters
PhiloLogic requires that one take into account diacritics when searching documents with accented characters in both bibliographic and full-text searching. The system provides three ways to search for accented characters: 1) simply type the required accented character from the keyboard; 2) use a capital letter to match all accented and non-accented forms of a letter; or 3) enter the two character representations listed below.
Tip: If you do not want to have to think about accents, turn on "Caps Lock" and type in all uppercase. This is recommended since accentuation varies: one finds, for example, perche, perchè, and perché in the database.

capital letter = any form of the letter

(e. g., E matches é ê è ë and e (no accent) and É Ê È Ë and E (no accent).

grave = (\) back slash

(e.g., a\ matches à).

acute = (/) forward slash

(e.g., e/ matches é).

circumflex = (^) caret

(e.g., e^ matches ê).

cedilla = (,) comma

(e.g., c, matches ç).

ümlaut/dieresis = (") double quote

(e.g., u" matches ü).

tilde = (~) tilde

(e.g., n~ matches ñ).

ae-ligature (æ) = ae

the ligature is resolved into two letters. (e.g., to search æther type in aether).

oe-ligature (œ) = oe

the ligature is resolved into two letters. (e.g., to search œconomy type in oeconomy).

Punctuation and Full-Text Searching
All punctuation should be stripped from word searches except for apostrophes. Apostrophes must be entered as characters.

apostrophe (') = must be entered with a space following.

(e.g., to search ch'io type in ch' io).

hyphen (-) = a space

the hyphen is not a searchable character. (e.g., to search capo-mastro type in capo mastro).

ampersand (&) = should be stripped

is not a searchable character. Avoid Phrase Searches where an ampersand could be used as a conjunction.

period, question mark, exclamation point, and comma = should be stripped

are not searchable characters.

parentheses, various brackets, and double quotes = should be stripped

are not searchable characters and are word-breaking (e.g., to search vor[r]ia enter vor r ia).

common mathematical symbols

the equal sign (=) and minus sign (-) will produce a "Nothing found" message. The plus sign (+) is not a searchable character, but, if entered, will be ignored.

Text Formatting
Formatting (e.g., font shifts, superscript, subscript, italics, bold, underline, etc.) should be ignored when entering a search. Realize that there are no word breaks after such tags, unless a space or punctuation appears in the text (e.g., search 1^st simply as 1st).

Selecting a Search Option: One may use upper or lower case letters; searches are case insensitive. Wildcards can be used in all search options. Be sure to review sections on accentuation and punctuation in full-text searching.

• Single Term and Phrase Search: To search a single term in the entire database or a defined corpus make sure that the Single Term and Phrase Search radio button is highlighted, simply enter the term into the Search Text(s) For: box, and press the SEARCH button. Single Term searching supports wildcard characters and the Boolean OR-operator, which is the vertical bar (|). Entering, for example, freedom|liberty retrieves all occurrences of the word "freedom" or "liberty" in the entire database or a specified corpus. Phrase searching restricts the search to adjacent words in a particular order (punctuation in the text, except for apostrophes, should not be entered).
• Proximity Searching in the Same Sentence or Paragraph: Searching for more than one term in a single sentence or paragraph without regard to adjacency or word-order constitutes Proximity Searching. Simply type the terms in question into the Search Text(s) For: box, indicate whether they are to be found in the same sentence or paragraph by highlighting the appropriate radio button, and press SEARCH. Proximity Searching supports wildcard characters, the Boolean operator OR, which is the vertical bar (|), and the Boolean operator AND, which is a space. If looking for occurrences of the words "church" and "state" within the same sentence or paragraph in any order, enter church state. Entering church state|throne retrieves instances of "church" and "state" or "church" and "throne" in the same sentence or paragraph.
• Same Sentence Separated by a Number of Words: If looking for words in a sentence separated by only a specified number of words, turn on the Separated by radio button and enter the number of words.

• Occurrences with Context is the default reporting format option. In this format each occurrence is represented by a short citation consisting of the author's name and the title of the work followed by links to the occurrences within several levels of context such as page, paragraph, scene, act, chapter, body, or contents. Below the citation there is a passage of text consisting of some forty words on either side of the key word, which is highlighted. Clicking on the links takes one to that level of context at which point one finds links to the previous and next sections.
• Occurrences Line by Line is a good format for scanning or printing large result sets since it limits the text displayed to a single line of text. Each occurrence is represented by a 16-character citation consisting of abbreviations for the author's name and the title of the work with a linked reference to where the term(s) in question occur within the document. At the bottom of the report one finds the Results Bibliography, which lists the full references for the abbreviated citations.
• Frequency by Author, Year, or Title Reports do not display text. They list the number of occurrences in descending order of frequency with a link to the digital table of contents for each title and a link to the occurrences found within that title. At the top of frequency reports one also finds the number of unique forms derived from the search criteria (e.g., borghes*) within the database and a full list of those unique forms (e.g., borghese | borghesi | borghesia | Borghese).
• Collocation Table format allows the user to discover lexical collocations within the database. The user selects one word as the node or keyword and enters it into the Serch Texts for: box. Wildcards are allowed, but no phrases; single terms only are permitted. Select the number of words that a given word can be separated from the keyword (5 words is the default). The program then scans the concordance entries for the keyword and lists in table format all the words which occur within the specified distance of the keyword in order of frequency. The three columns represent words on either side of the keyword, words to the left of the keyword, and words to the right of the keyword. Common words such as articles and demonstratives are filtered out. See the list of Filtered Words. To include filtered words in a report select "Turn Filter Off" on the search-form.

Author Related Fields:

• Author:
• Alternate Names:
• Title of Respect:
• Year of Birth:
• Year of Death:
• Century:
• Place of Birth:
• Place of Death:
• Region:
• Father:
• Mother:
• Class:
• Marital Status:
• Date of First Marriage:
• Number of Marriages:
• Husbands:
• Lovers:
• Maternal Status:
• Number of Children:
• Children:
• Religion:
• Education:
• Occupation:
• Prizes:
• Full-Text Availablity:
• Author Code

Edition Related Fields:

• Auth./Ed./Transl.:
• IWW Authors:
• Other Authors:
• Editor:
• Translator:
• Edition Title:
• Alternate Titles:
• Place of Publication:
• Publisher:
• Year of Publication:
• Series Title:
• Journal Title:
• Collection Title:
• Edition:
• Description:
• Language:
• Genre:
• Dedicatee:
• Notes:
• Table of Contents:
• Subjects:
• Abstract:
• Full-Text Availablity:
• Edition Code:

Text Related Fields:

• Full-Text Title:
• Year Written: The date of composition, not publication. Usually the date of publication and year written are the same. If the precise date is unknown a circa date is entered.
• Genre: Click on the Terms button to see a full list of genre.
• Compostion: Limit one's searching to prose, verse, or mixed.
• Dialect: Most texts are in Italion [Italiano (Standard Italian)], but dialectts [Calabrese (Calabrian)]as well as Latin [Latino (Latin] are represented as well.
• Dedicatee: Name and/or relationship of the person to whom a work is dedicated [Tarallo, Anna Felice; Her mother].
• Prizes Won: Lists any prizes won [Concorso Nazionale in 1898].
• Title Code: The unique ID for a text made up of author code and work number [A0014-T018].

Division Related Fields

• Division Type: A set list of types (e.g., dedication, poem, scene, etc.), which are available for viewing by clicking on the Terms button on the Advanced Search-form or Find Divisions Form.
• Division Name: The actual title of a division, such as chapter title, poem title, etc.
• Year Written: This date is the year when a letter or diary entry was written. Range searching is also available in this field.
• Recipient: The recipient of a letter, when known, is searchable from this field. Click on Terms to view options and the exact form a name should take.

Searchable Tags

• lg: line group or stanza of poetry
• list: list
• note: notes
• sp: speech part or speaker's lines in drama
• stage: stage direction

IWW Handles for Stable Linking

• Biographic Details   http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/dig/iwwa/A0065 To link to an author's biographic information append the Author Code at the end of this handle.
• Digitized Texts  http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/dig/iwwd/A0065 To link to all the texts of a given author that have been digitized append the Author Code at the end of this handle.
• Editions of Works   http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/dig/iwwe/A0065 To link to all the editions of a given author append the Author Code at the end of this handle.
• Full-Text Full View of a Digitized Work   http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/dig/iww/A0065-T001 To link to the full details of a given work append the Title Code at the end of this handle.
• Short Display of a Digitized Work    http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/efts/iwwc/A0065-T001" To link to the short display of a given work append the Title Code to this handle.